Dental Filling: Materials, Types, Procedure, and Side Effects

A dental filling is a restorative technique performed to fix mild to moderate cavities or fractures. The procedure entails extracting the tooth's decayed or broken section, cleaning the area, and then filling it with an appropriate substance. It stops more decay by sealing off the gaps where germs enter the tooth and restores its structure and function.

Dental fillings are made from various materials, each with pros and cons. The materials include amalgam fillings, composite resins, ceramic fillings, gold fillings, and glass ionomer fillings. Amalgam fillings consist of a blend of metals, such as copper, tin, silver, and mercury. Amalgam's popularity has declined because of worries about aesthetics and potential health hazards related to mercury although they are strong and long-lasting. Composite resin fillings mimic genuine teeth since they are made of tooth-colored plastic and glass composite. Their aesthetic appeal makes them more desirable, although they are not as strong as amalgam.

Porcelain is used to make enduring and stain-resistant ceramic fillings. They cost more than regular fillings but they have a natural-looking appearance similar to teeth. Gold fillings are long-lasting and robust, but they cost more and necessitate repeated trips to the location. Glass and acrylic are used to create Glass Ionomer Fillings, which release fluoride and shield teeth from more deterioration. They are typically utilized for fillings in children's teeth or below the gum line because they are less resilient than other materials.

Direct and indirect dental fillings are among the types available. Applying direct fillings requires one visit. The filling material is inserted straight into the cavity after the dentist has cleaned and removed any decay. It takes two visits for indirect fillings such as veneers, onlays, and inlays. The dentist takes an impression of the tooth and eliminates any decay during the initial appointment. The filling is created in a dental lab afterward and put in during the follow-up appointment.

The dental filling procedure involves a series of steps. The dentist first takes X-rays and examines the tooth before beginning the dental filling process. A local anesthetic is used to make the area around the damaged tooth numb. The tooth's decaying area is extracted by the dentist using a drill or laser. The cavity is cleansed to get rid of any leftover bacteria or debris. Layers of the selected filler material are applied. Each layer is molded and hardened with a specific light for composite fillings, while for other materials, it is left to set. The dentist polishes it to ward against discoloration and premature wear after the filling is inserted.

Dental filling side effects include sensitivity, pain, allergic reactions, infection, and damage to the filling. Some individuals become sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet meals and beverages after receiving a tooth filling, but goes away in a few weeks. Some pain or discomfort happens after the anesthesia wears off, handled easily by painkillers available over the counter. Allergy reactions to fillings for teeth, such as amalgam, are rare but happen to some people. A slight danger of infection is experienced when bacteria infiltrate the area between the filling and the tooth. Fillings chip, crack, or wear down and need to be replaced or repaired over time. A dental filling is a popular and efficient method of fixing broken teeth and stopping more deterioration. Patients preserve the integrity and health of their restored teeth by selecting the right material and type and practicing good oral hygiene.

What are Dental Fillings?

Dental fillings are dental restorations utilized to fix and restore a tooth's impaired structural integrity and function from decay, fractures, or wear. The rotten part of the tooth is removed, and the cavity is filled with solidified materials to create a barrier of protection and restore the tooth's shape.

Dental fillings are primarily used to cure cavities and stop more decay by sealing the damaged region against bacterial invasion. A cavity filling helps the tooth function again, enabling healthy biting and chewing. They enhance its appearance and avert dental problems by preserving the tooth's structural integrity.

Remains from the ancient Egyptian and Roman civilizations contain evidence of the earliest uses of tooth fillings. Amalgam, a mixture of mercury and other metals, was used for tooth fillings for the first time in the early 19th century. Auguste Taveau, a French dentist, created a silver paste in 1826, similar to amalgam today. Amalgam was commonly used in the middle of the 1800s because it was reliable and simple to use. Composite resin fillings, which have cosmetic advantages, gained popularity since their introduction in the 1960s.

Dental fillings have many benefits, including reduced decay, function restoration, durability, improved aesthetics, and cost-effectiveness. Dental fillings stop more deterioration and shield the tooth from bacterial invasion by filling cavities. Fillings improve general oral function by restoring the tooth's ability to bite and chew properly. Contemporary fillings for teeth are strong and resilient, with composite resins and amalgam withstanding considerable chewing pressure. Composite resins and ceramics, two types of tooth-colored fillings, look more natural since they blend in flawlessly. Dental fillings are accessible to various patients due to their affordability compared to other restorative procedures.

Dental fillings continue to be among the popular dental procedures nowadays. The efficiency, longevity, and aesthetic appeal of tooth fillings have increased due to developments in dental materials and procedures. Composite resins in particular have become more popular because of their natural appearance and capacity to adhere directly to the tooth structure. Millions of tooth fillings are done annually in the US alone, according to the American Tooth Association. The procedure's continued popularity is attributed to its ability to swiftly and successfully replace damaged teeth. They continue to be a pillar of contemporary dentistry owing to ongoing improvements in dental materials and procedures.

When are Dental Fillings needed?

Dental fillings are needed when a tooth has deteriorated, developed cavities, or sustained minor injury. The decayed or damaged section is removed and the region is filled with a restorative substance to restore the tooth's integrity and function.

Acid-producing bacteria that cause tooth decay eat away at the tooth's enamel and dentin. The tooth becomes hollow or has a cavity when decay continues past the initial stages. Dental fillings are necessary to eliminate the decaying tissue, stop additional decay, and rebuild the tooth's structure. Dentistry research data indicates that untreated tooth decay results in serious dental problems, such as infection and tooth loss, avoiding tooth issues and preserving oral health.

Cavities are holes or openings in teeth that result from extended contact with acids and bacteria from food and drink that cause decay. Cavities that develop need to be filled right away to stop the decay from getting deeper into the tooth. The cavities are filled with dental fillings after the decayed part is removed. The American Dental Association states that filling cavities keeps additional decay at bay while returning the tooth to its natural appearance and function. Unfilled cavities get larger and cause pain, infection, and the need for more involved dental operations like root canals or extractions.

Small dental injuries like chips, cracks, or wear from grinding affect the structure and function of the tooth. Dental fillings are an efficient way to treat minor damage by filling up the damaged areas and returning the tooth to its original shape. Research has indicated that composite resin fillings for minor dental restorations enhance the tooth's strength and appearance. Fillings placed on time to fix minor Tooth Decays stop further degeneration and contribute to the maintenance of total dental health. Dental fillings maintain long-term oral health, stop more dental problems, and restore the appearance and functionality of teeth.

How does Dental Fillings Work?

Dental fillings work by repairing the teeth's structural integrity and functionality using a restorative substance to replace the decaying or damaged tooth. The hollow must first be filled with a suitable material that hardens after eliminating the rotting tissue and sanitising the affected area to develop a protective seal.

The decayed or damaged tooth material is removed at the initial stage of the dental filling method. The dentist removes the decaying part of the tooth using an air abrasion tool, a laser, or a drill, scraping the bacteria causing the decay and stopping more harm. The dentist cleans the cavity to guarantee it is clear of debris and bacteria.

Cleaning is necessary to avert infection and get the tooth ready for the filling material. The dentist uses a restorative material to fill the cavity after cleaning. Filler materials come in various forms, such as Composite Resin, Glass Ionomer, Ceramic, and Amalgam. The dentist molds the filling material to fit the tooth's natural curves once placed. A specialized light is utilized for materials such as composite resin to solidify each filling layer, while other materials undergo natural hardening processes or chemical reactions. The dentist makes final modifications to ensure the filled tooth fits the patient's bite properly after the filling solidifies. The tooth is polished afterward to smooth the filling and improve its appearance.

Dental fillings positioned correctly, according to studies, restore the function of the tooth and stop additional deterioration for many years. The material chosen, the filling's placement, and the patient's oral hygiene habits affect the quality and durability of dental fillings. Amalgam fillings have a maximum 15-year lifespan, however, with appropriate maintenance, composite fillings endure five to ten years.

What are the types of Filling Materials for Dental Fillings?

The types of filling materials for dental fillings are listed below.

Gold Fillings: Gold alloy is a mixture of gold, copper, and other metals making gold fillings durable and long-lasting, and last 15 years or longer. The drawbacks of a gold dental filling include their high cost and conspicuous color, despite their excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.

Silver Fillings (Amalgams): A combination of metals, including silver, mercury, tin, and copper, gives silver amalgam fillings their strength and durability throughout 10 to 15 years. Some patients find the metallic hue and mercury content unappealing and unhealthy although they are reasonably priced and resistant to strong chewing forces.

Tooth-Colored Composite Fillings: Composite fillings are an aesthetically pleasing dental repair option. They are constructed of a resin-based material colored to match the natural color of teeth. They form a direct link with the tooth structure, unlike amalgam fillings, offering strong support and requiring minimal loss of healthy dental material.

Ceramics/Porcelain: Ceramic or porcelain fillings are composed of a strong, tooth-colored substance that closely resembles enamel's natural appearance and has good stain resistance. They are more expensive and brittle than other types of fillings and are utilized for crowns, inlays, and onlays although the fillings offer superior strength and aesthetics.

Glass Ionomer: Glass ionomer fillings are among the types of fillings composed of acrylic mixed with a particular kind of glass that releases fluoride, preventing future tooth decay. They are utilized for fillings in locations that don't experience severe chewing pressure, like the spaces between teeth and the roots of baby teeth, because they adhere effectively to the tooth structure.

1. Gold Fillings

Gold Fillings are tooth repair solutions made from gold, reserved for minor fillings, and is rarely carried out. Gold foils are inserted in one visit just like amalgam or composite fillings. Dental restorations made of a gold alloy, which consists of a mix of copper, gold, and other metals, are known as inlays or onlays. The alloy offers a strong and long-lasting remedy for cavities and the restoration of damaged or rotting teeth.

The extraordinary lifespan and durability of gold dental fillings are one of their distinguishing qualities. Gold fillings, in contrast to other filling materials, have an extended shelf life of up to 15 years, ensuring their structural integrity and functioning. They are perfect for high-stress locations like molars because of their exceptional resistance to wear and corrosion. Gold is biocompatible and rarely causes negative side effects in the body. Their perfect fit and resistance to strong chewing pressures make them a dependable and efficient option for dental restorations, even if they are more expensive and have a more visible appearance.

The advantages of Gold fillings include longevity, durability, accurate fit, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and reduced tooth sensitivity. Gold fillings have outstanding longevity, often lasting 15 to 30 years compared to many other filling materials. Their higher initial cost is offset by their lasting durability, making them a more affordable option. Gold fillings don't shatter or deteriorate even under the harsh forces of chewing. Gold fillings are perfect for restorations in molars and other high-stress parts of the mouth. The gold alloy must be formed to fit the cavity perfectly to create gold fillings, guaranteeing a tight fit. The accuracy lessens the risk of additional degradation surrounding the infill by minimizing gaps.

The body handles gold with little to no negative effects on the tissues around it due to its compatibility. Gold fillings are safe to use over the long term and do not trigger allergies or sensitivities because of their biocompatibility. Gold resists corrosion and keeps its integrity and beauty even after coming into contact with food, saliva, and other oral substances. The reliability and endurance of gold fillings are enhanced by their resistance to corrosion. The excellent thermal conductivity of gold fillings lowers the possibility of tooth sensitivity to hot and cold temperatures. Patients find them more comfortable because of such characteristics compared to materials that change size in response to temperature fluctuations.

The disadvantages of Gold fillings include price, teeth extraction, observable margin, multiple dental meetings, and aesthetic issues. Gold fillings are much more expensive than other types of dental fillings such as amalgam or composite, because they are expensive and require a labor-intensive process to produce. The higher cost is a deterrent for many individuals searching for more reasonably priced dental repair choices. More extensive drilling and the removal of healthy tooth structure is necessary when preparing a tooth for a gold filling To guarantee a proper fit. It causes the tooth to become weaker and raises the risk of future dental work being required.

Plaque and bacteria are trapped by the visible borders of gold fillings where the material meets the tooth's natural structure. Patients who are concerned about preserving a natural appearance and practicing the best oral hygiene find the visible margins disturbing. Getting a gold dental filling involves numerous dental appointments because a gold filling needs to be custom-made in a dental laboratory. Patients with limited time for follow-up consultations and desire speedier resolutions find it inconvenient. Gold fillings are noticeable due to their bright, metallic appearance, especially in the exposed portions of the mouth, raising aesthetic problems. Gold is less appealing to patients who value a natural appearance because they prefer tooth-colored fillings that blend in smoothly with natural teeth.

2. Silver Fillings (Amalgams)

Silver Fillings or Amalgams are dental repair materials utilised to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. They consist of a blend of metals, such as copper, tin, silver, and mercury, which combine to create a robust and lasting filler. The strength and longevity of silver amalgam fillings are their most remarkable qualities, making them well-suited for repairing cavities in the back teeth, where chewing forces are highest. They have been utilized for more than a century in dentistry and are renowned for their resilience to severe use without breaking. Their metallic, silver-like look is another unique characteristic setting them apart from other filler kinds. Mercury in amalgams has been a source of debate and regulatory attention because of potential health risks.

The advantages of Silver fillings include strength, cost-effectiveness, ease of implantation, durability, and reduced technique sensitivity. Silver amalgam fillings endure up to 15 years or more with the right maintenance. Silver amalgam fillings are a more affordable options than other filling materials since they require lesser maintenance due to their endurance, particularly on molars. The fillings withstand the heavy stresses of chewing and grinding because of their exceptional resistance to wear. Amalgam fillings are placed by dentists more swiftly and easily than other materials in clinical situations considering time and efficiency. They are less technique-sensitive to place than composite fillings, lowering the threat of mistakes during the process.

The disadvantages of silver fillings include appearance, mercury content, potentiality of cracking, allergic reactions, and the loss of healthy tooth structure. The apparent and less pleasing metallic look of silver amalgam fillings is one of their main disadvantages and clients requiring fillings in visible parts of their mouth find it a serious worry. Mercury is present in amalgam fillings, which sparked worries about environmental and public health. Some patients and dental professionals avoid Amalgam fillings because of potential health hazards despite assurances from the American Dental Association and other medical associations regarding their safety. Amalgam expands and contracts in response to variations in oral temperature, causing fractures in the tooth's structure. It necessitates more dental work and jeopardizes the tooth's integrity. Allergy reactions to the metals in amalgam fillings are possible, though rare. Placing an amalgam filling necessitates the elimination of a healthier dental form contrary to composite fillings, which gradually weaken the tooth.

3. Tooth-Colored Composite Fillings

Tooth-colored composite fillings are dental restorations composed of a blend of fine glass particles and plastic resin. Fillings provide teeth with a natural-looking appearance that melds in perfectly with the surrounding tooth structure aside from restoring teeth that have decayed or been damaged. Composites are occasionally excluded from insurance coverage along with being more expensive than amalgam.

The ability of composite fillings to mimic the color of real teeth surpasses other alternatives for dental restorations. They form a strong and supportive restoration that aids in preserving the integrity of the tooth by directly bonding to the tooth structure. The composite material is mistaken for the original tooth's appearance with the right shaping and polishing.

The advantages of composite fillings include appearance, strength, versatility, and thermal insulation. Composite fillings are perfect for obvious places where beauty matters, such as the front teeth since they are tailored to the color of existing teeth. They are a well-liked option for people who want a natural appearance. The composite material strengthens the tooth and helps stop further decay by forming a chemical relationship with the tooth structure. The bonding method preserves more of the original tooth than amalgam fillings by requiring less loss of good tooth structure. Composite fillings are useful for many dental restorations, such as cavity fillings, tooth repairs for broken or damaged teeth, and even cosmetic tooth contouring. Their adaptability renders them a valuable choice for an array of oral concerns.

The disadvantages of tooth-colored composite fillings include cost, lack of durability, placement time, shrinkage, staining, and follow-up appointments. Composite fillings cost more than amalgam fillings, particularly for individuals without dental insurance or seeking more affordable alternatives. Composite fillings' longevity is lower compared to amalgam fillings despite their composite strength. They need to be updated more regularly because they normally last between 5 and 7 years. The placement of composite fillings requires more technique and takes longer compared to amalgam fillings, which results in more expensive and time-consuming appointments. Gaps are expected to appear between the filling and the tooth if composite materials shrink somewhat during the curing process. It raises the chance of further deterioration or leakage if not adequately handled.

4. Ceramics/Porcelain Fillings

Ceramics or porcelain fillings are dental restorations composed of ceramic materials and are employed to treat decaying, broken, or unsightly imperfections of teeth. Dental cement binds the fillings to the tooth after they are created in a dental laboratory. The distinct characteristic of ceramic fillings is their capacity to replicate the color and translucency of tooth enamel, which makes them aesthetically pleasing and indiscernible from genuine teeth. Ceramics are renowned for being strong and long-lasting due to their strength and stability. Ceramic fillings are resistant to stains and yellowing, and are biocompatible, hindering the body from reacting negatively to them.

Porcelain or ceramic fillings have several advantages, such as low heat conductivity, stain resistance, longevity, and biocompatibility. Superior aesthetic features are provided by ceramic fillings, which resemble real teeth in terms of color, transparency, and feel. It is a great option for visible sections of the mouth where maintaining a natural appearance is crucial. Ceramic materials are lasting and durable because they are incredibly hard and wear-resistant. They are appropriate for front and back tooth restorations because of their ability to tolerate strong chewing pressures. Ceramic fillings are extremely resistant to stains from food, beverages, and smoking, in contrast to composite fillings. It guarantees that the restoration continues to look good without requiring constant upkeep. The body accepts ceramic materials well and doesn't trigger sensitivities or allergic reactions, making ceramics a safe option. Teeth are less sensitive to variations in temperature because ceramics do not carry heat or cold as much as metal fillings do.

Dental fillings made of ceramic or porcelain have disadvantages that include price, brittleness, need for extra dental appointments, a sensitive method, and difficult tooth preparation. Ceramic or Porcelain fillings are more costly than other filling materials like amalgam and composite because they require bespoke manufacturing in a dental laboratory. Ceramic fillings are more fragile than other materials, despite being strong and enduring. Ceramic's brittleness causes them to chip or crack if the patient grinds their teeth or bites on hard things. Receiving ceramic fillings necessitates several dental appointments. Some patients find it inconvenient to have to return for the fitting and bonding of the custom-made filling after the initial appointment, for cleaning the tooth, and for taking an impression. Ceramic filling placement is technique-specific and demands accuracy from the dentist. The reliability of the restoration is jeopardized due to any mistakes made during the bonding or fitting. A ceramic filling requires more tooth structure to be removed than a composite filling. The thorough preparation process causes the tooth structure that remain weaker.

5. Glass Ionomer

Glass ionomer fillings are dental restorations composed of acrylic acid and glass (fluoro aluminosilicate). The fillings are employed to restore teeth that have decayed or been damaged. They are suitable on infant teeth or tooth roots not subjected to strong chewing forces. The capacity of glass ionomer fillings to distribute fluoride gradually, strengthening the surrounding dental structure and shielding the tooth from more decay, is one of their unique characteristics. They form a chemical link with the tooth, sealing it tightly against microorganisms and removing the need for thorough tooth preparation.

Fluoride release, chemical bonding, biocompatibility, ease of placement, and thermal expansion are some of the benefits of glass ionomer. The release of fluoride from glass ionomer fillings is one of their biggest benefits, remineralizing the tooth and stopping future decay. Glass ionomers are helpful for kids and others who have a high risk of cavities. The fillings form a solid and lasting seal by chemically adhering to the tooth's structure. The chance of gaps and bacterial infiltration resulting in secondary decay is decreased. Glass ionomer materials are well-tolerated by the body and less prone to trigger allergic reactions or sensitivities compared to certain other dental materials. The process of installing glass ionomer fillings is less invasive and requires less destruction of healthy tooth structure compared to other filling types, preserving a portion of the original tooth. The thermal expansion coefficient of glass ionomer fillings is similar to a natural tooth enamel, avoiding cracks or gaps developing over time. They expand and contract at rates comparable to the tooth's.

Glass ionomer drawbacks include subpar strength and resilience, surface quality, moisture sensitivity, limited lifespan, and aesthetic constraints. Glass ionomer fillings are not as robust as amalgam or composite fillings, despite their durability. They are less appropriate for regions like the molars subjected to strong chewing forces since they easily wear down and shatter. Glass ionomer fillings are not as cosmetically pleasant as composite fillings, despite being available in tooth-colored tints. They do not mix well with the natural tooth and are more opaque. Glass ionomer fillings last shorter than amalgam or composite fillings. They need to be updated more frequently when it comes to long-term dental care. Glass ionomer fillings are moisture-sensitive when being placed. Overwetness disrupts the bonding and setting process, jeopardizing the filling's integrity. The surface of glass ionomer fillings is rougher. The filling accumulates plaque because of its roughness, necessitating more careful dental cleaning to stop degeneration in the surrounding area.

What are Indirect Fillings?

Indirect Fillings are a form of restorative dentistry made outside of the mouth and then cemented to the prepped tooth surface. Indirect fillings need two appointments, namely, for preparing the tooth and obtaining an impression, and another for fitting and cementing the restoration. The method is contrary to direct fillings, inserted directly into a cavity in a single dental visit.

Research indicates that there are several benefits that indirect fillings have over direct fillings. They employ more robust and lasting materials, including gold or ceramics, for larger restorations or teeth subjected to intense chewing forces. Greater precision and personalization are achieved during the indirect filling manufacturing process in a dental laboratory, producing restorations that resemble the tooth's natural shapes and occlusion.

Indirect fillings are cemented in place to minimize gaps and potential entry points for bacteria, given that they offer a superior fit with the tooth's structure. The enhanced marginal integrity lowers the chance of recurrent deterioration and adds to the restoration's long-term success. The indirect approach permits a more conservative tooth preparation compared to direct fillings, which necessitate a more thorough removal of decaying or damaged tissue, maintaining a better dental structure.

What are the Two Types of Indirect Fillings?

The two types of Indirect fillings are listed below.

Dental Inlay: A dental inlay is a kind of indirect filling that replaces a small to medium-sized region of decay or damage. It is designed to fit within the curves of the chewing surface (occlusal surface) of a tooth. It is crafted specifically in a dental laboratory to provide a precise and long-lasting restoration that melds in perfectly with the original tooth structure based on an organized tooth's imprint.

Dental Onlay: An indirect filling that covers a greater area of the tooth's chewing surface, including a few of the tooth's cusps, is called a dental onlay. Dental onlays are made based on orders to match the precise measurements and shapes of the prepared tooth, offering an aesthetically pleasing and practical restoration.

1. Dental Inlay

Dental inlay is an example of an indirect filling utilized to fix cavities or damage to a tooth's occlusal surface, or chewing surface. Dental inlays are created outside of the mouth at a dental laboratory and then cemented to the prepared tooth surface at a later appointment, contrary to direct fillings. Direct fillings are inserted directly into the cavity during a single dental visit.

The cavity must first be prepared to accept the treatment by removing any decayed or damaged tooth structure to place a dental inlay. An impression is obtained and sent to a dental laboratory after the tooth is prepped so that the inlay meets the cavity's dimensions and contours. Dental cement is used to adhere the created inlay to the tooth surface, resulting in a clean and robust repair that melds perfectly with the original tooth structure. A Dental Inlay serves as a lasting and appealing repair for moderately sized cavities or damage to the chewing surface while preserving the structure and function of the tooth.

2. Dental Onlay

A dental onlay is an indirect filling for several cusps (raised points) of the chewing surface (occlusal surface) restoring a tooth cavity or damage and beyond the tooth’s cusps. Onlays, like dental inlays, are produced externally to the mouth in a laboratory and are cemented to the prepared tooth surface in a follow-up visit.

Extracting compromised cusps and other decayed or broken tooth structures is the first step in installing a dental onlay. The cavity is ready to accept the restoration, and the prepared tooth is imprinted afterward. The imprint is utilized to create a personalized onlay in a dental laboratory. Dental cement is attached to the tooth's surface when the Dental Onlay is prepared, restoring the tooth's structure and functionality. Dental onlays are appropriate for moderate to extensive cavities or damage involving the chewing surface and cusps since they provide a more substantial and precisely fitted restoration than inlays.

What is a Temporary Filling?

A temporary filling is a type of dental repair utilized to hold down a broken or decaying tooth while a more permanent fix is made. The fillings comprise easily placed and removed composite resins, glass ionomer, or zinc oxide eugenol.

A person needs temporary Fillings in several scenarios such as Emergency Situations, Pulp Therapy (Root Canals), Multiple-Step Restorative Procedures, and Diagnosis and Monitoring. A dentist places a temporary filling to offer temporary relief and protection for unexpected dental pain or damage before a more thorough treatment is organized and carried out. Temporary fillings are placed during root canal procedures to seal the tooth and clean the root canal system in between treatments. A temporary filling shields the tooth in between when undergoing major dental repair that necessitates several appointments. It is typical for indirect restorations, such as crowns, inlays, or onlays, where a laboratory fabricates the permanent fastening. Temporary fillings are placed by a dentist to observe how a tooth reacts to therapy or to determine whether additional action is required.

Temporary fillings work well because of their protection and convenience of usage. The American Dental Association (ADA) states that substances with calming qualities that reduce tooth discomfort, such as zinc oxide eugenol, provide physical barriers against food and germs. Another popular temporary material, glass ionomer fillings, releases fluoride during the interim time to prevent future tooth decay. Temporary fillings provide advantages over permanent ones, but are not as strong and easily wear down or fall out. Patients must follow up with their dentist to guarantee that a permanent filling or other necessary treatment is administered immediately.

What are the procedures for Dental Fillings?

The procedures for dental fillings are listed below.

Numb the area for comfort. The dentist applies a local anesthetic to the area around the damaged tooth to ensure the patient is pain-free throughout the treatment using a little injection of lidocaine or another numbing medication. Numbness sets in within a few minutes, allowing the dentist to continue without inflicting pain.

Remove the decay. The dentist delicately extracts the tooth's decaying section using specialist dental tools. Drilling is required to remove the decaying tissue and preserve a lot of the intact tooth structure. The region is cleaned to get rid of any last bits of dirt or bacteria afterward.

Select the filling material. The dentist selects the best filling material based on the patient's requirements and preferences, taking into account the location and degree of the decay. Porcelain, amalgam, composite resin, and gold are examples of common materials used for filling cavities. certain elements including cost, durability, and aesthetics are considered In the choosing process.

Place the filling material. A dentist places the chosen filler material into the cleaned cavity, ensuring it fills the area left by the removed decay. The material for the composite filler is put in stages, and each layer is hardened using a specialized light. Accuracy is needed in the step to guarantee that the filling follows the tooth's natural contours.

Allow the filling to set. The cavity dental filling requires time to settle or harden, based on the substance employed. Composite fillings cure instantaneously with a curing light, while materials such as amalgam or specific kinds of glass ionomer require more time to completely set. The endurance and robustness of the filling depend on proper configuration.

Adjust and align the bite. The dentist checks the patient's bite to ensure it is properly aligned after the cavity filling is placed and allowed to set. The patient bites down on carbon paper with the patient to find high spots or locations that require correction. The dentist reshapes and smoothes the filling needed to guarantee a comfortable bite afterward.

Polish and finish. Polishing the filling is the last step in ensuring a flawless surface that complements the tooth's natural luster. It improves the look, lessens discoloration, and helps prevent plaque accumulation. The polished filler is inspected one last time for any necessary modifications to guarantee a flawless finish.

A dental filling procedure takes just one hour however the dentist demands several appointments to treat several cavities that need to be filled. The precise duration is determined by various elements, including the degree of decay, the filling material utilized, and the dentist's particular approaches. Small cavity fillings and other simple fillings require less time to complete, while several fills or more intricate fillings require more time. Further stages that take time include numbing the area, eliminating decay, putting and setting the tooth filling, and making final corrections to get a good bite and smooth finish.

How long does a Filling take to Stop Hurting?

A filling takes 2 to four weeks to stop hurting. The type of filling material utilized, its depth, and the sensitivity of each particular patient contribute to the pain. Mild pain or sensitivity immediately following the surgery because the tooth and surrounding tissues were manipulated during the filling process. Some soreness remains in the location because of the local anesthetic utilized to numb it. Various kinds of sensitivity, including biting and thermal sensitivity. Sensitivity to cold or hot liquids and meals. An uncomfortable feeling when biting down indicates that the filling is too high and that the dentist has to correct it.

The tooth's nerve is more sensitive in the early stages, particularly if the decay is deep or near the nerve. The increased sensitivity goes away as the tooth acclimates to the new filling. Discomfort is reduced by using toothpaste made for sensitive teeth and avoiding extremely hot or cold foods. Get in touch with the dentist if the discomfort worsens or lasts longer than four weeks. Extended discomfort is a sign of problems like a poorly placed filling, an underlying infection, or the requirement for more care like a root canal.

How does a Dental Filling look Before and After?

A dental filling look Before and After, as illustrated below.

What Dental Problems can Tooth Filling Treat?

The dental problems that tooth filling can treat are listed below.

Chipped Tooth: The tooth becomes chipped when a piece of tooth enamel breaks off caused by trauma or biting into hard materials. Dental fillings restore the missing structure, improving appearance and repairing functionality. The filling substance stops more damage and smoothes the surface by reshaping the tooth to its original form.

Tooth Decay: Dental caries or tooth decay is the breakdown of tooth enamel caused by bacteria that make acids from sugar. The tooth's integrity is preserved and future decay is stopped after extracting the tooth's deteriorated section and filling the cavity with filling material. The procedure preserves the tooth's appearance and functionality while stopping the spread of decay after extracting the tooth's deteriorated section and filling the cavity with filling material.

Sensitive Teeth: Sensitive teeth are exposed dentin caused by wear and tear, gum recession, or enamel erosion. Fillings reduce sensitivity by covering exposed areas, especially where enamel has worn away, and shielding the dentin from acidic meals and temperature fluctuations. A barrier is formed that reduces pain and discomfort when eating and drinking.

Enamel Erosion: The tooth's outer layer loss caused by acidic foods, drinks, or illnesses such as acid reflux is known as enamel erosion.

Dental problems are different tooth-related issues successfully resolved using a filling material to repair damaged teeth and restore their integrity, function, and structure. Dental fillings repair the damaged areas and stop additional erosion and damage by covering the exposed dentin with a layer of protection. The treatment lessens sensitivity while preserving the tooth's structure.

1. Chipped Tooth

A chipped tooth refers to a condition where a part of the tooth's enamel breaks off, leading to an uneven and jagged edge. Chipped teeth result from gradual tooth deterioration, trauma from falls or blows to the face, or biting into hard things like candy or ice. Larger fractures reveal the tooth's inner layers causing pain, sensitivity, and a higher risk of infection or more damage but minor chips do not hurt.

A dental filling first performs assessment and preparation before treating a chipped tooth. The dentist assesses the chipped tooth to ascertain the extent of the damage before selecting the proper filling material. Local anesthetic is necessary if the tooth is sensitive or the chip is significant. The tooth is then cleansed from germs and dirt from the chipped region. The dentist slightly molds the tooth to guarantee a better fit for the filling. The area that has chips is filled up with composite resin. The material was selected because it is easily manipulated and made to resemble the tooth's natural color. A unique curing light is used to solidify it after shaping the composite resin to resemble the original tooth structure. The dentist polishes it at the end to ensure that the filling blends in seamlessly with the rest of the tooth and to smooth off any rough edges.

Dental fillings are effective for treating chipped teeth, particularly when the damage is minor to moderate. The cosmetic appeal and good bonding properties of composite resin fillings make them popular with dental professionals. The fillings offer a strong and lasting remedy by restoring the chipped tooth's look and functionality. The patient's oral hygiene habits and the size and position of the chip affect how the filling works. Routine dental checkups for a Chipped Tooth ensure the filling stays in place and quickly address any extra wear or damage.

2. Tooth Decay

Tooth decay, dental caries, or cavities, is the process where acid-producing bacteria erode the hard surfaces of teeth. The bacteria produce acids that damage the tooth's enamel or outermost covering by consuming carbohydrates from food and drink. Decay moves through the dentin and enamel and reaches the pulp if it is not addressed, leading to infection, discomfort, and eventually tooth loss.

Dental fillings remove the damaged material from the tooth and fill the resulting cavity, preserving the structure and functionality of the tooth. The dentist examines the tooth and frequently uses X-rays to assess the degree of decay. The area is made numb by local anesthetic. A dental drill or laser removes the tooth's decaying area which stops future deterioration by ensuring all contaminated material is removed. The cavity is carefully cleaned to remove leftover bacteria and debris once the decay is eliminated. The dentist chooses a filling material such as amalgam, composite resin, gold, or porcelain depending on the location and degree of the cavity. The selected material is inserted into the cavity after cleaning. The filling is contoured to fit the tooth's natural curves to guarantee a proper bite. A specialized laser is utilized to harden the material used in composite fillings. The filler is polished to provide a natural appearance and feel and to smooth down any sharp edges.

Tooth decay is effectively treated with dental fillings. They reduce pain and sensitivity, repair the tooth's structural integrity, and stop further Tooth Decay by keeping food particles and germs out of the cavity. They are favored because composite resin fillings mimic the tooth's natural color and produce a more aesthetically pleasing finish. The type of material utilized, the size of the cavity, and the patient's oral hygiene habits affect longevity and function. Routine dental exams are crucial to ensure the treated teeth remain healthy and to keep an eye on the state of the fillings.

3. Sensitive Teeth

Sensitive Teeth or Dentin Hypersensitivity is a common dental disorder that causes pain or discomfort in one or more teeth as a reaction to specific stimuli such as temperature extremes, acidic or sugary meals and beverages, and even breathing in cold air. The tooth becomes sensitive to external triggers when enamel erosion, gum recession, or other conditions expose the underlying dentin, which includes microscopic tubules leading to the tooth's nerve center.

Dental fillings effectively alleviate the sensitivity caused by cavities, exposed roots, or enamel degradation. The dentist first determines the origin and sensitivity degree which entails probing, visual inspection, and even X-rays. The dentist uses a suitable filling material to cover the exposed dentin or fill the cavity, such as composite resin. The substance shields the nerves from outside impulses by acting as a barrier. The afflicted region is covered with the filler material. A specialized light is utilized to set and solidify the material used in composite fillings. The filling is shaped and polished to give a smooth surface and blend in smoothly with the natural tooth structure.

Dental fillings effectively cure the sensitivity caused by cavities, exposed dentin, or enamel degradation. Fillings reduce or eliminate sensitivity by covering exposed areas and preventing external stimuli from reaching the nerves inside the tooth. Composite resin fillings are especially advantageous because they guarantee an attractive result by matching the natural color of the teeth and acting as a protective barrier. The feeling must be placed correctly and maintained through appropriate oral hygiene habits to stop erosion or decay for a filling to be effective. Routine dental check-ups are essential to provide long-term relief from Sensitive Teeth and to monitor the disease.

4. Enamel Erosion

Enamel erosion is the progressive loss of the tooth's enamel, or hard outer surface caused by acids from meals, drinks, or stomach acids that erode enamel. Enamel erosion typically affects a larger region of the teeth than concentrated cavities. Erosive processes cause tooth discoloration, greater sensitivity, and an increased risk of cavities and other dental problems over time.

Enamel erosion is efficiently treated using dental fillings, which preserve the underlying tooth structure and replace eroded enamel. The dentist looks at the teeth to assess how much erosion has occurred and to pinpoint the places that need to be fixed, probing to determine sensitivity and visual inspection. The dentist chooses a suitable filling substance closely matched to the natural color of the teeth. The exposed dentin is covered and protected when the resin is applied to the eroded areas. The composite resin is meticulously molded to restore the original shape of the tooth. The resin is hardened using a specialized curing lamp to ensure a strong bond. The filling is polished by the dentist to ensure it looks smooth and natural and to stop plaque from collecting on uneven areas.

Trash and microorganisms are removed by properly cleaning the affected region. The process guarantees that the filling material sticks to a clean surface. The dentist chooses a suitable filling substance, such as a composite resin, matched to the natural color of the teeth. The affected dentin is covered and protected when the resin is applied to the eroded areas. The composite resin is meticulously molded to restore the original shape of the tooth. The resin is hardened using a specialized curing lamp to ensure a strong bond, covering the Tooth Erosion. The filling is polished by the dentist to ensure it looks smooth and natural and to stop plaque from collecting on uneven areas.

What are the Benefits of Dental Fillings?

The benefits of Dental fillings are listed below.

Prevents the growth of cavities: Dental fillings efficiently block the entry of microorganisms into tooth-decayed areas, preventing additional damage from occurring. Fillings contribute to the maintenance of general oral health and the avoidance of more severe dental problems by halting the spread of cavities. Preserving the tooth's natural structure and averting more involved and expensive treatments depend on the early intervention.

Filings last for years: Contemporary dental filling materials, such as amalgams and composite resins, are made to last a long time. Fillings withstand the forces of chewing and biting for many years with good oral hygiene and routine dental exams. They are an affordable option for repairing cavities and other dental issues because of their durability.

Enhances the strength of the natural tooth: Dental fillings strengthen and improve the functionality of a tooth by restoring its structural integrity when it is compromised by decay or injury. Cavities are filled, and by strengthening the tooth and distributing bite forces uniformly, fillings lower the incidence of fractures. Patients eat and speak and don't have to worry about future damage because of the tooth's increased strength.

Improves the tooth's appearance: Composite resin fillings offer an aesthetically pleasing restoration that melds perfectly with the neighboring teeth because they are colored to match the tooth's natural color. A patient's willingness to grin and sense of confidence both increase with the cosmetic change. Fillings fix chips and cracks, returning the tooth to its original shape and enhancing the appearance of the teeth.

Restores function of broken teeth: Teeth that have been fractured or chipped are repaired with fillings, regaining the ability to eat and talk normally. The restorations stop more tooth deterioration by filling up the affected areas. The repair guards against further decay and damage to the tooth in addition to restoring functionality.

Are there Risks in Dental Fillings?

Yes, there are risks in dental fillings. Contamination and breakage are the two main hazards associated with dental fillings. Germs enter and cause more decay or infection if decay persists or if the filling fails to completely seal the cavity, which necessitates further treatments like a root canal. Improper bite alignment, teeth grinding habits, and general wear and tear cause damage to the filling, including cracking, breaking, or wearing down over time. Routine dental exams and good oral hygiene are essential to identify and treat the problems early on.

Transient sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet stimuli following a filling is a common outcome, but it gets better in a few days or weeks. Persistent sensitivity is a sign of an underlying problem or an excessive filling. Nerve damage is rarely experienced, which happens when the degradation is near the nerve, causing persistent discomfort or numbness. Composite resin fillings discolor, particularly when the patient drinks plenty of red wine, coffee, or tea, or eats other foods and drinks that cause stain.

The dangers are reduced with appropriate patient care and dental hygiene. Dentists take considerable care to ensure that no decay is left behind, that fillings are placed correctly, and that bite alignment is checked after the procedure. Patients lower their risks by practicing proper oral hygiene, going to the dentist regularly, and abstaining from behaviors like grinding their teeth or biting hard objects that harm fillings.

What are the Side Effects of Dental Fillings?

The side effects of Dental Fillings are listed below.

Tooth Pain: Some individuals have pain or discomfort in their teeth after having a dental filling, especially when biting or chewing. The tooth's nerve is irritated during the process or the filling is placed excessively high, causing pain. A trip to the dentist is required to make necessary adjustments to the filling and guarantee a good fit if the pain continues.

Filling Allergies: Allergy reactions to dental filling materials, such as metals in amalgam fillings, are unusual but happen to some patients. An allergic reaction manifests as itching, rashes on the skin, or more serious systemic reactions. The dentist changes the filling material with a non-allergenic substitute if an allergy is detected.

Deteriorating Fillings: Dental fillings deteriorate because they are constantly under strain and wear from biting. The filling chips, cracks, or tears away from the tooth as a result of degradation, leaving spaces that let germs enter and worsen the decay. Routine dental checkups are for assessing the state of fillings and replacing them as needed to preserve oral health.

Sensitive Teeth: Teeth become sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet foods and beverages after a filling installation. The Sensitive Teeth, however, go away as the tooth becomes used to the new filling. It is a sign of a filling problem or an underlying dental condition that has to be addressed further but sensitivity lasts for a long time.

What Type of Dental Specialist to see for Dental Fillings?

The type of Dental specialists to see for dental fillings are general dentists. Dental fillings are one of the many dental treatments that general dentists are skilled and qualified to perform, along with diagnosing and treating cavities. General dentists often pursue more education and practical experience after completing four years of dental school. They are the first point of contact for individuals seeking dental care and are proficient in standard dental procedures including examinations, cleanings, and fillings.

General dentists are qualified to manage various restorative dentistry tasks, such as choosing the right filling material according to the patient's requirements and preferences. They offer complete oral health treatment, which includes teaching patients how to preserve the lifespan of dental fillings and practice good oral hygiene to stave off cavities in the future. A general dentist regularly attends continuing education classes aside from basic training to stay current on the newest dental technology developments and procedures. Their continuous education enables them to deliver top-notch care using cutting-edge tools and supplies, guaranteeing the best potential results for their patients.

General dentists build lasting connections with their patients through which they learn intimate details about their preferences and requirements for dental health. Patients are empowered to actively engage in their dental care decisions, including the filling materials selection and treatment regimens, due to the individualized approach promoting trust and communication. A General Dentist helps stop the spread of decay and the need for future, more intrusive procedures by treating cavities as with dental fillings. The preventive approach to dental health leads to a lifetime of healthy smiles and enhances general well-being.

Are Silver Amalgam Fillings Safe?

Yes, Silver Amalgams are safe. Silver amalgam fillings have been used for more than a century in dentistry to repair damaged teeth. They are made of a combination of metals, such as copper, mercury, tin, and silver. Their safety has been the subject of much research and discussion because such fillings include mercury, a recognized toxin in its elemental form. Several credible health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Dental Association (ADA), and the U.S. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has repeatedly determined that amalgam filling mercury levels are stable and do not present a substantial concern to patient health. Mercury is mixed with other metals to create a stable, safe, and non-harmful mixture.

A small quantity of mercury vapor is generated when amalgam fillings are chewed and brushed, however, the vapor is insufficient to pose a health risk. The exposures are processed and eliminated by the human body without causing harm. Research does not link amalgam fillings to mercury-associated health concerns such as neurological or kidney impairment. Dental practitioners suggest alternate materials for specific populations, such as expectant mothers and people with sensitivities to mercury or other medical issues. Amalgam fillings' advantages such as their strength, longevity, and affordability outweigh potential drawbacks for many people.

How much does a Dental Filling Cost?

A dental filling cost depends on the material used, the dentist's location, and the procedure's complexity. Dental care, including fillings, is often more affordable because living and operating costs are lower in Turkey than in many Western countries. The price range for dental fillings in Turkey is from £24 to £55 for amalgam fillings and £39 to £95 for composite fillings.

Dental fillings at Myra Dental in Antalya, Turkey, are reasonably priced. A white filling at Myra Dental costs £79, whereas a tooth-colored filling composed of white composite is £60. Turkey is a popular destination for dental tourism, whose prices are reasonable and correspond to the level of dental care provided there. Patients benefit from expert dental procedures at far lower charges compared to many Western countries. Cities like Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir, however, have slightly higher prices due to increased demand and the availability of more specialist dental services.

The dentist's experience level, the dental facility, and the precise location affect the costs of Dental Fillings in Turkey. Note that the estimates are subject to change. Patients must budget for extra expenses such as travel, lodging, and necessary follow-up treatment overseas dental care.

How to Take Care of Teeth with Dental Fillings?

To take care of teeth with dental fillings, consider the ways listed below.

Visit the dentist regularly: Schedule dental cleanings and examinations twice a year to maintain the integrity of the fillings and the health of the teeth. Frequent checkups assist in maintaining the integrity of the fillings and identify problems early.

Brush with fluoride-containing toothpaste: Use fluoride toothpaste to strengthen dental enamel and stop decay around the fillings. Brushing at least twice a day lowers the chance of cavities developing close to the filled region and assists in eliminating plaque.

Floss at least once daily: Flossing helps to stop gum disease and decay by removing food particles and plaque from between teeth and around fillings. Establish frequent flossing as a habit to keep the teeth healthy.

Take a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: Consider using a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID) such as ibuprofen as directed by the dentist to relieve pain when discomfort or sensitivity following a filling is experienced.

Avoid hot or cold food or drinks: The teeth become extremely sensitive to temperature changes soon after receiving a filling. Stay away from hot and cold meals and drinks for a few days to avoid discomfort and give the filling time to settle.

Avoid acidic foods: Acidic foods and beverages erode the enamel and have an impact on the filling substance. Eat less citrus fruits and limit sodas and other acidic foods and drinks to preserve the teeth and fillings.

Chew on the other side of the mouth for a couple of days: Chew on the other side of the mouth after getting a new filling to prevent pressure on the filled tooth. The procedure lowers the chance of the filling coming loose and aids in its proper setting.

Make an appointment with the dentist if the discomfort or sensitivity around the filled tooth is continuous and lasts more than a few days. Get medical help right once when infection-related symptoms are observed, such as swelling, redness, or discharge surrounding the filling. Get in touch with the dentist right away if the filling feels loose, cracks, or falls out to stop additional harm. The dentist must assess changes in the bite or pain experienced when chewing.

How long does it take to Recover from Dental Fillings?

The time it takes to recover from dental fillings depends on the type of filling material utilized and the unique characteristics of each patient. Dental fillings heal quickly, allowing most patients to resume their regular activities. The pain goes away within a week or so, and after two to four weeks, the sensitivity ceases.

The numbness caused by the local anesthetic fades off in one to three hours after the surgery. Refrain from eating on the treated side to avoid inadvertently biting the tongue or cheek. Minor sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet stimuli is normal for a few days to a week following a filling, especially with composite resin (tooth-colored) fillings. The sensitivity goes away when the tooth gets familiar with the new filling material. Ibuprofen and other over-the-counter painkillers help control any discomfort during the period. Amalgam (silver) fillings take longer to set and harden, which takes around 24 hours. Patients must refrain from chewing tough food on their filled teeth at the time. Composite fillings, however, solidify instantly, enabling the tooth to be used normally right away when exposed to a certain light.

Get in touch with the dentist if there is severe pain or sensitivity that lasts more than a week. An unseen cavity, an incorrectly formed filling, or a nerve issue with the tooth causes persistent pain. Patients resume their normal daily activities and eating schedules the following day after a filling. Regular dental checkups along with proper oral hygiene habits, such as brushing and flossing, help preserve the integrity of the filling and the general dental health.

How long do Dental Fillings last?

The time dental filings last ranges from 5 to 20 years based on the kind of filling material utilized, the size and placement of the filling, and the dental hygiene and lifestyle choices of the patient. The average lifespan of silver amalgam fillings is 10 to 15 years. Silver amalgam fillings are a good fit for molars and other teeth subjected to intense chewing because of their durability and resilience to wear. Teeth-colored composite resin fillings last 5 to 7 years. Resin fillings blend easily with the tooth structure and have a nice appearance, but not as strong as amalgam since they gradually wear out and discolor, particularly in high-pressure regions like the back teeth.

Ceramic fillings, or porcelain fillings, endure 15 to 20 years. They are chosen for their longevity and natural appearance due to their strong stain and wear resistance, however, they need more thorough tooth preparation, because they are more delicate than other materials. Glass ionomer fillings usually have a 5-year lifespan and are weaker than other fillings. Glass ionomer fillings are inserted straight into the tooth because they are composed of glass and acrylic, and are utilized for minor cavities close to the gum line rather than on chewing surfaces.

A filling's longevity is influenced by other variables like diet, oral care, and habits like clenching or grinding teeth. Frequent dental checkups are essential for preserving the fillings' condition and catching any problems early. Maintaining proper oral hygiene with twice-day brushings with fluoride toothpaste, daily flossing, and routine dental checkups and cleanings at the dentist extends the dental fillings' life. Limit one's acidic or sugary foods and drinks intake and use a mouthguard when grinding the teeth.

Is Dental Filling Treatment Painful?

No, dental filling is not painful. Dental filling procedures are intended to be comfortable for patients due to developments in anesthetic treatments and dental technology. The dentist numbs the area surrounding the damaged tooth with a local anesthetic before starting the treatment, eliminating discomfort. A short and well-tolerated discomfort is, however, related to the anesthetic injection sensation.

The dentist removes the decaying piece of the tooth after numbing the area using a dental drill or laser. Patients experience pressure and vibrations but not pain. The decaying material is removed and the cavity is completely cleaned to prevent infection. The filling is shaped and polished once inserted to guarantee a smooth and comfortable bite. Some pressure is experienced while the dentist adjusts the filling, but does not hurt. The patient must alert the dentist if they experience discomfort and if more numbing is required.

Mild sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet meals and beverages is normal after surgery, but it goes away in a few days. Painkillers available over the counter assist in treating any lingering discomfort. Adhere to the dentist's post-care recommendations to guarantee a speedy recovery.

Dentist Dr. Dt. Erdem CETIN

He started his professional career in a private practice in Antalya in 2005 and served there until 2012. Between 2012 and 2016, he continued his work as a partner at the institution named KlinikAntalya. In 2016, he founded Myra Dental Centre Turkey and continues his professional activities there. Additionally, he has strengthened his expertise in the field with his membership in the International Congress of Oral Implantology (ICOI).

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